Teacher Educators' Perceptions and Practices of Social Justice in Skardu, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.v-iv.24152Keywords:
Teaching for Social Justice, Equality, Marginalization, Discrimination, PhenomenologyAbstract
The raising voices on social justice are at an increase in the Skardu district of Pakistan. The popular notion is that 'Socially Just' societies reflect teachers and educational institutions who nurture future generations. The perception and practices of teachers regarding social justice are influenced by social justice education. This qualitative phenomenological study explores the perceptions and practices of public sector teacher educators regarding teaching for social justice in Pakistan. The study was carried out in two teacher education institutions in District Skardu. Data collection was done through interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Thematic analysis following an inductive approach was used. The lens used for data analysis focused on ‘Teaching for social justice.' The findings of the study revealed that the participants highlighted prominent commonalities regarding diversity, such as differences in abilities, attitudes, behaviors, region, religion, gender, culture, and socioeconomic condition of students in the classrooms. It further uncovered that the teacher educators perceived the concept of social justice in terms of equality and equity, relationships and differences, role models, and well-being. They were concerned about the discrimination and marginalization faced by the prospective teachers and were committed to mitigating such issues. These findings provide potential insight both for pre-service teachers and experienced teacher educators in Skardu, Pakistan.
References
Abdullah, N. A., & Chaudhry, A. (2018). Promoting social justice and equity through university education in Pakistan. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2018.120205
Anney, V. N. (2014). Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 5(2), 272–281. https://www.scholarlinkinstitute.org/jeteraps/articles.pdf
Bin Dost, M. K., & Mahmood, K. (2021). Teaching for social justice in Pakistani teacher education: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Education and Social Policy, 8(1), 111–117.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bursa, S., & Ersoy, A. F. (2016). Social studies teachers’ perceptions and experiences of social justice. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(64), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.64.18
Carlisle, L. R., Jackson, B. W., & George, A. (2006). Principles of social justice education: The social justice education in schools’ project. Equity & Excellence in Education, 39(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680500478809
Cimillo, A. (2011). Teaching social justice through the lens of multicultural education [Thesis Dissertation]. Salve Regina University.
Cochran-Smith, M., Shakman, K., Jong, C., Terrell, D. G., Barnatt, J., & McQuillan, P. (2009). Good and just teaching: The case for social justice in teacher education. American Journal of Education, 115(3), 347–377. https://doi.org/10.1086/597493
Forman, J., Creswell, J. W., Damschroder, L., Kowalski, C. P., & Krein, S. L. (2008). Qualitative research methods: key features and insights gained from use in infection prevention research. American Journal of Infection Control, 36(10), 764–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.010
Dad, A. A. (2016). Boundaries and identities: The case of Gilgit-Baltistan. Competence Network Crossroads Asia: Conflict – Migration – Development. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/169
Farrell, E. (2020). Researching lived experience in education: Misunderstood or missed opportunity? International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 160940692094206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920942066
Frechette, J., Bitzas, V., Aubry, M., Kilpatrick, K., & Lavoie-Tremblay, M. (2020). Capturing lived experience: Methodological considerations for interpretive phenomenological inquiry. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 160940692090725. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920907254
Ghaffar, F. M., & Khan, H. I. (2018). Teaching social justice in Pakistani teacher education: A case study. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 12(1), 1-12.
Grant, C. A., & Agosto, V. (2008). Teacher capacity and social justice in teacher education. In Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 175-200). Routledge.
Glesne, C. (2012). Becoming qualitative researchers. A. Ersoy & P. Yalçınoğlu (Çev. Ed.). Nitel Araştırmayla tanışma [Browse meet with qualitative], 1-36.
Khan, H. K., Hussain, Z., Baig, H., & Batool, A. (2015). Ensuring a Harmonized and Pluralistic Society in Gilgit-Baltistan. Journal of Contemporary Studies, 4(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v4i1.80
Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690300200303
Lee, Y. A. (2011). What Does Teaching for Social Justice Mean to Teacher Candidates? Professional Educator, 35(2), n2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324595_0001
Mamikonyan, T. (2017). Exploring social justice conceptions and self-reported practices with teacher candidates. University of California, Los Angeles.
McDonald, M., & Zeichner, K. M. (2009). Social justice teacher education. In Handbook of social justice in education (pp. 613-628). Routledge.
Morley, J. (2006). Multicultural education and cultural competence in the high accountability era: A study of teacher perception [Graduate Theses and Dissertations]. University of South Florida.
Mosel, I., & Jackson, A. (2013). Sanctuary in the city. Urban displacement and vulnerability in Peshawar, Pakistan. https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/odi/2013/en/97898
Muhammad, P. (2014). From intra-sectarianism to fragile peace: the Gilgit-Baltistan model. Conflict and Peace Studies, 6(2), 88-100.
Murtaza, N. (2012). Putting the last first: The case for community-focused and peer-managed NGO accountability mechanisms. VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 23(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9181-9
Nayyar, A. H., & Salim, A. (2005). The subtle subversion: The state of curricula and textbooks in Pakistan Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics. Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., & Weingast, B. R. (2009). Violence and social orders: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. Cambridge University Press.
Pierre-Antoine, R. (2009). Social studies for social justice: Teaching strategies for the elementary classroom. Journal of Catholic Education, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.15365/joce.1204102013
Raza, S. A. (2016). Teaching social justice in teacher education: The case of Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 156-166.
Ribeiro-Silva, E., Amaral-da-Cunha, M., & Batista, P. (2023). Educating Teachers for Sustainability and Social Justice: A Service-Learning Project in Physical Education Initial Teacher Education. Education Sciences, 13(12), 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121173
Robertson, S. E. (2008). Teaching for social justice: A case study of one elementary teacher's experience with implementing social justice education in the social studies. The University of Texas at Austin.
Samuels Jr, G. L. (2014). Reflections in the classroom: Perspectives on teaching for social justice from secondary social studies educators. University of South Florida.
Seegmiller, P. L. (2020). Social Justice Mathematical Modeling for Teacher Preparation [Doctoral dissertation]. Utah State University.
Shafa, M. D. (2011). Role of head teachers in managing the forces emanating from the external world of schools in Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(2), 66. https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdcn/7
Shields, C. M., & Mohan, E. J. (2008). High‐quality education for all students: putting social justice at its heart. Teacher Development, 12(4), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530802579843
Thomas, M. S., Clayton, C., Huang, S.-Y., & Garcia, R. (2019). Being in tension: Faculty explorations of the meaning of social justice in teacher education. Excelsior: Leadership in Teaching and Learning, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.14305/jn.19440413.2018.12.1.01
Turk, D. B., Berman, S. B., Gentry, C., Traxler, R. E., & Caldwell, S. L. (2023). When Equity and Justice are Front and Center: Building a Teacher Residency That Walks the Walk on Antiracism, Equity, and Justice. Issues in Teacher Education, 32(1), 102-127. https://www.itejournal.org/wp-content/pdfs-issues/spring-2023.pdf
Welton, A. D., Harris, T. O., La Londe, P. G., & Moyer, R. T. (2015). Social justice education in a diverse classroom: Examining high school discussions about race, power, and privilege. Equity & Excellence in Education: University of Massachusetts School of Education Journal, 48(4), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2015.1083839
Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton University Press.